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Lexile Research

Research using Lexile® measures

Numerous research studies have utilized Lexile reader measures and/or Lexile text measures. These studies include research in the educational field, as well as other fields such as health care. Some of these studies utilize the products that report Lexile measures, but are not part of the research support reported in the "Products Using Lexile" section.

Lexile Perspectives

Wright, B. D., & Stenner, A. J. (2000). Lexile Perspectives. Popular Measurement, 3 (1), 14-17.

The Reading-Writing Connection

Using a Developmental Scale to Enhance Reporting of State-Wide, High Stakes Writing Tests

Swartz, C. Kroening, J. M., & Sanford-Moore, E. (2008, July). Using a developmental scale to enhance reporting of state-wide, high stakes writing tests. Innovation Quarterly. The Council of Chief State School Officers, 3(3), 7-8.

Turning a New Page to Life and Literacy: A Literacy Intervention Program Finds Success among Struggling Readers in Prison

The Scholastic Reading Inventory, which reports Lexile reader measures, was used to match prison inmates to books at their reading level to read and record as part of the Turning a New Page literacy program.

Taylor, R. T., & Mcatee, R. (2003). Turning a New Page to Life and Literacy: A Literacy Intervention Program Finds Success among Struggling Readers in Prison. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 46 (6), 476-80.

Matching Second Graders to Text: The Utility of a Group-Administered Comprehension Measure

Lexile measures from administration of The Scholastic Reading Inventory were used to estimate student reading level and match students to trade books.

Walpole, S., Hayes, L., & Robnolt, V. J. (2006). Matching Second Graders to Text: The Utility of a Group-Administered Comprehension Measure. Reading Research and Instruction, 46,1-22.

The Effect of Sustained Silent Reading on High School Student’s Lexile Scores and Attitudes Toward Reading

The Scholastic Reading Inventory, which reports Lexile reader measures, was used as an outcome measure to determine the impact of sustained silent reading.

Birmingham, K. S. (2006). The Effect of Sustained Silent Reading on High School Student’s Lexile Scores and Attitudes Toward Reading. MA Thesis. Wichita, KS: Wichita State University

The Prediction of Performance on the Maryland High School Graduation Exam: Magnitude, Modeling and Reliability of Results

The Scholastic Reading Inventory, which reports Lexile reader measures, was used as a predictor of student performance on the Maryland High School Graduation Exam.

Lissitz, R. W., Fan, W., Alban, T., Hislop, B., Strader, D., Wood, C., & Perakis, S. (2006). The Prediction of Performance on the Maryland High School Graduation Exam: Magnitude, Modeling and Reliability of Results. Paper presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

The Effects of a Voluntary Summer Reading Intervention on Reading Activities and Reading Achievement

<p>Lexile reader measures obtained from administration of the Stanford Achievement Test, 10th ed., were used to match students to books at their reading level and also as an outcome measure for a voluntary summer reading program.</p>

Kim, J. S. (2007). The Effects of a Voluntary Summer Reading Intervention on Reading Activities and Reading Achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99 (3), 505-515.

Effects of a Voluntary Summer Reading Intervention on Reading Achievement: Results from a Randomized Field Trial

<p>Lexile reader measures obtained from administration of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills were used to match students to books at their reading level and also as an outcome measure for a voluntary summer reading program.</p>

Kim, J. S. (2006). Effects of a Voluntary Summer Reading Intervention on Reading Achievement: Results From a Randomized Field Trial. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28 (4), 335–355.

Teacher and Parent Scaffolding of Voluntary Summer Reading

Lexile reader measures obtained from administration of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills were used to match students to books at their reading level and also as an outcome measure for a voluntary summer reading program.

White, T. G., & Kim, J. S. (2008). Teacher and Parent Scaffolding of Voluntary Summer Reading. The Reading Teacher, 62 (2), 116–125.

Scaffolding Voluntary Summer Reading for Children in Grades 3 to 5: An Experimental Study

Lexile measures from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) are used to select books that match students’ reading levels.

White, T. G., & Kim, J. S. (2008). Scaffolding Voluntary Summer Reading for Children in Grades 3 to 5: An Experimental Study. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12(1), 1-23.

The Effect of Rereading Text at a Student’s Instructional Level upon Reading Fluency

The Scholastic Reading Inventory, which reports Lexile reader measures, was used as an outcome measure to determine the impact of repeated readings.

Wilson, H. M. (2008). The effect of rereading text at a student’s instructional level upon reading fluency. In Proceedings: 4th Annual Symposium: Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects. Wichita, KS: Wichita State University, p.161-162

Response to Intervention with Older Students with Reading Difficulties

Lexile reader measures from administration of the Texas state-mandated reading assessment will be used to develop progress monitoring tools. The purpose of the progress-monitoring system is to establish the Lexile level at which a child maintains adequate comprehension at different fluency rates.

Vaughn, S., Fletcherb, J. M., Francisb, D. J., Dentonc, C. A., Wanzekd, J., Wexlera, J., Cirinob, P. T., Barthb, A. E., & Romain, M. A. (2008). Response to intervention with older students with reading difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences, 18 (3), 338-345.

The Role of Readability in Today's Classrooms

Lexile text measures are discussed along with a number of other readability formulas.

Gunning, T. G. (2003). The Role of Readability in Today's Classrooms. Topics in Language Disorders, 23 (3), 175-189.

Aligning the Journey with a Destination

Lexile reader and text measures are utilized to describe the typical reading ability of students as they move from elementary to high school and to evaluate the gap between student ability and the text demands of postsecondary reading endeavors.

Williamson, G. L. (2006). Aligning the Journey With a Destination. MetaMetrics, Inc.

What is Expected Growth?

Lexile reader measures provide data for a thorough discussion of reading growth.

Williamson, G. L. (2006). What is Expected Growth? MetaMetrics, Inc.

Assessment Issues in the Testing of Children at School Entry

Stenner, A. J., & Rock, D. A. (2005). Assessment Issues in the Testing of Children at School Entry. School Readiness: Closing Racial and Ethnic Gaps, 15 (1), 15-34. Published by The Future of Children.

A Meta-analytic Approach to the Estimation of Item Difficulties

Poznanski, J. B. (1990). A Meta-analytic Approach to the Estimation of Item Difficulties: dissertation, Graduate School, Duke University

Student Readiness for Postsecondary Options

Lexile text measures are used to describe the reading demands of texts that students are likely to encounter in their postsecondary endeavors.

Williamson, G. L. (2004). Student readiness for postsecondary options. MetaMetrics, Inc.

Low Literacy Impairs Comprehension of Prescription Drug Warning Labels

Lexile text measures were used to determine the text demand of prescription drug warning labels.

Davis, T. C., Wolf, M. S., Bass, P. F., Middlebrooks, M., Kennen, E., Baker, D. W., Bennett, C. L., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Bocchini, A., Savory, S. and Parker, R. M. (2006). Low literacy impairs comprehension of prescription drug warning labels. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21 (8), 847-851.

Variability in Pharmacy Interpretations of Physician Prescriptions

Lexile text measures were used to determine the readability of the pharmacy-interpreted dosage instructions.

Wolf, M. S., Shekelle, P., Choudhry, N. K., Agnew-Blais, J., Parker, R. M., & Shrank, W. H. (2009). Variability in pharmacy interpretations of physician prescriptions. Medical Care, 47 (3), 370-373.

Do Health Insurance Plans Perpetuate Ambiguity about Palliative Care?

Lexile text measures were used to assess the level of literacy required to understand insurance coverage for end-of-life care services.

Wilson, B., Kutner, J. S., & Levy, C. (2008). Do health insurance plans perpetuate ambiguity about palliative care? Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11(9), 1182-1182.

Reading Difficulty of MMPI-2 Subscales

Lexile text measures were used to determine the reading difficulty for the MMPI-2 subscale items.

Paolo, A. M., Ryan, J. J., & Smith, A. J. (1991). Reading difficulty of MMPI-2 subscales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47 (4), 529-532.

A Text Readability Continuum for Postsecondary Readiness

Lexile text measures were used to describe the demands of reading materials students are likely to encounter in the last years of high school and in postsecondary endeavors.

Williamson, G. (2008). A text readability continuum for postsecondary readiness . Journal of Advanced Academics, 19(4), 602-632.

North Carolina Community Collaborates to Stop Summer Reading Loss

Smith, M. (2008, April). North Carolina community collaborates to stop summer reading loss. Innovation Quarterly. The Council of Chief State School Officers.

Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board: Text Measurement and Analysis

The reading demand of entry level community college, four-year university, and community/technical colleges is evaluated using Lexile text measures. The text measures are viewed in conjunction with Lexile reader measures from the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) English/Language Arts Exit Level.

MetaMetrics, Inc. (2008). The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.

Lexile Reading Growth as a Function of Starting Level in At-Risk Middle School Students

Archer, L.E. (2010, December). Lexile Reading Growth as a Function of Starting Level in At-Risk Middle School Students. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54(4), 281–290.

Reading Grade Levels and Mathematics Assessment: An Analysis of Texas Mathematics Assessment Items and Their Reading Difficulty

Lamb, J.H. (2010). Reading Grade Levels and Mathematics Assessment: An Analysis of Texas Mathematics Assessment Items and Their Reading Difficulty. The Mathematics Educator, 20 (1), 22-34.

Motivation During an Excessively Challenging Reading Task: The Buffering Role of Relative Topic Interest

Fulmera, S. M., & Frijters, J. C. (2011). Motivation During an Excessively Challenging Reading Task: The Buffering Role of Relative Topic Interest. The Journal of Experimental Education, 79 (2), 185-208.

Word Maturity: A New Metric for Word Knowledge

Landauera, T. K., Kireyeva, K., & Panaccione, C. (2011). Word Maturity: A New Metric for Word Knowledge. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15 (1), 92- 108.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Reading Fluency Instruction

Harris, E. (2010) Evaluating the Efficacy of Reading Fluency Instruction. University of Southern Maine

Development of Spelling and Differential Relations to Text Reading in Grades 3-12

Foorman, B. & Petscher, Y. (2010). Advanced Journal Search »Expand+Development of Spelling and Differential Relations to Text Reading in Grades 3-12. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 36 (1), 7-20.

Examining the efficacy of using iPod Touches to deliver reading comprehension strategy instruction and to provide electronic text support on the reading comprehension performance of sixth-grade students

Williams, M. A. (2010). Examining the efficacy of using iPod Touches to deliver reading comprehension strategy instruction and to provide electronic text support on the reading comprehension performance of sixth-grade students. University of Oregon Libraries, Oregon

The effect of a summer reading program on student reading achievement

Triplett, D. (2009). The effect of a summer reading program on student reading achievement. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (3369529).

Response to Intervention for Middle School Students With Reading Difficulties: Effects of a Primary and Secondary Intervention

Vaughn, S., Cirino, P. T., Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Fletcher, J. M., Denton, C. D., Barth, A., Romain, M., & Francis, D. J. (2010). Response to Intervention for Middle School Students With Reading Difficulties: Effects of a Primary and Secondary Intervention. School Psychology Review, 39 (1), 3-21.

The Effectiveness of State Certified, Graduate Degreed, and National Board Certified Teachers as Determined by Student Growth in Reading

Gardner, D. J. (2010). The Effectiveness of State Certified, Graduate Degreed, and National Board Certified Teachers as Determined by Student Growth in Reading.

Learning Oasis™: Using Technology to Enhance Literacy Through Deliberate Practice

Swartz, C. W., Hanlon, S. T., Stenner, A. J., Burdick, H., Burdick, D. S., & Emerson, C. (2011). Learning Oasis™: Using Technology to Enhance Literacy Through Deliberate Practice. MetaMetrics, Inc. Durham, North Carolina.

Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches via the Phenomenological Method

Fisher, William Paul, Stenner, A. Jackson. (In press) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches via the Phenomenological Method. "International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 5(1).

Metametrics Spurred by Common Core Standards

Electronic Education Report. (May 22, 2012) MetaMetrics Spurred by Common Core. ©2012 Simba Information, Stamford, CT 06902. www.simbainformation.com. 203-325-8193. Copying Prohibited.

Generally Objective Measurement of Human Temperature and Reading Ability: Some Corollaries

Stenner, A. Jackson, Stone, Mark. (2010). Generally Objective Measurement of Human Temperature and Reading Ability: Some Corollaries. Journal of Applied Measurement, 11(3), 244-252

The Concept of a Measurement Mechanism. Rasch Measurement Transactions

Stenner, A.J., Stone, M.H., & Burdick, D.S. (in press). The concept of a measurement mechanism. Rasch Measurement Transactions.

From model to measurement with dichotomous items.

Burdick D. S., Stenner, A.J., & Kyngdon, A.(in press). From model to measurement with dichotomous items. Advances in Rasch Measurement, volume 2.

Indexing and Measuring

Stenner, A.J., Stone M.H., & Burdick, D.S. (in press). Indexing and Measuring. Rasch Measurement Transactions.

Formative and Reflective Models: Can a Rasch Analysis Tell the Difference?

Stenner, A.J., Burdick, D.S., & Stone, M.H. (2008). Formative and reflective models: Can a Rasch analysis tell the difference? Rasch Measurement Transactions.

The Combined Gas Law and a Rasch Reading Law

Burdick, D.S., Stone, M.H., & Stenner, A.J. (2006). The Combined gas law and a Rasch reading law. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 20(2), 1059-1060.

Uniform Reading and Readability Measures

Stenner, A.J., & Wright, B.D. (2004). Uniform reading and readability measures. In B.D. Wright & M. H. Stone (Eds.), Making measures (pp.79-115). Chicago: Phaneron Press.

How Prepared are Subgroups of Texas Students for College-Level Reading? Applying a Lexile®-Based Approach

Chuck Wilkins, Ph.D.; Eric Rolfhus, Ph.D.;Jenifer Hartman, Ed.D.; Sarah Brasiel, Ph.D.; Jessica Brite, M.S.; Noelle Howland, M.A.: Edvance Research

Examining readability estimates' predictions of students' oral reading rate: Spache, Lexile, and Forcast

<p><span style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'Times'; font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'Times';"><br style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'Times'; font-style: italic;" /></span></p>

Ardoin, Scott P., Williams, Jessica C., Christ, Theodore J., Klubnik, Cynthia, Wellborn, Claire (2010). Examining readability estimates' predictions of students' oral reading rate: Spache, Lexile, and Forcast. School Psychology Review.

Lexile Reading Growth as a Function of Starting Level in At-Risk Middle School Students

Archer, Laura E. (2011). Lexile Reading Growth as a Function of Starting Level in At-Risk Middle School Students. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy.

How Prepared Are Subgroups of Texas Students for College-Level Reading: Applying a Lexile[R]-Based Approach. REL Technical Brief. REL 2012-No. 018

Wilkins, Chuck, Rolfhus, Eric, Hartman, Jenifer, Brasiel, Sarah, Brite, Jessica, Howland, Noelle. (2012). How Prepared Are Subgroups of Texas Students for College-Level Reading: Applying a Lexile[R]-Based Approach. Educational Resources Information Center.

The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.

Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL, Morin CM. (2012). The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.

Text Readability Analysis with Natural Language Processing Tools: The Adaptation of Coh-Metrix Metrics for Portuguese

Almeida, Daniel Machado de Aluísio, Sandra Maria,Text Readability Analysis with Natural Language Processing Tools: The Adaptation of Coh-Metrix Metrics for Portuguese, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5532438&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D5532438

An Evaluation of the Relationship between Criterion-Referenced Competency Test Reading Comprehension and Lexile Scores and Fountas and Pinnell's Guided Reading Levels in a Georgia Public School District

Morgan, Kathie C. (2009). An Evaluation of the Relationship between Criterion-Referenced Competency Test Reading Comprehension and Lexile Scores and Fountas and Pinnell's Guided Reading Levels in a Georgia Public School District. Digital Commons at Liberty University.

Using Multiple Sources of Information in Establishing Text Complexity

<p><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Times; color: #231f20;"><br style="position: absolute; top: 2953px; left: 162px;" /></span></span></p>

Hiebert H., Elfrieda, Using Multiple Sources of Information in Establishing Text Complexity,http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:KsYY2sMw9rkJ:scholar.google.com/+lexile+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,34&as_ylo=2009

Ameliorating summer reading setback among economically disadvantaged elementary students

Allington, Richard L., McGill-Franzen, Anne, Camilli, Gregory, Williams, Lunetta, Graff, Jennifer, Zeig, Jacqueline, Zmach, Courtney, Nowak, Rhonda. (2007). Ameliorating summer reading setback among economically disadvantaged elementary students.

Variability in Pharmacy Interpretations of Physician Prescriptions

Wolf, Michael S., Shekelle, Paul, Choudhry, Niteesh K., Agnew-Blais, Jessica, Parker, Ruth M., Shrank, William H. (2009). Variability in Pharmacy Interpretations of Physician Prescriptions. NIH Public Access.

Mammography Result Notification Letters: Are They Easy to Read and Understand?

Erin N. Marcus, Lee M. Sanders, Margaret Pereyra, Yanisa Del Toro, Ada Pat Romilly, Monica Yepes, Monica Webb Hooper, and Beth A. Jones. Journal of Women's Health. April 2011, 20(4): 545-551. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2330.

How Readable are Spanish-Language Medicaid Applications?

Hansen, J., Wallace, L., DeVoe, J. (2011) How Readable are Spanish-Language Medicaid Applications? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health

Reading Grade Levels and Mathematics Assessment: An Analysis of Texas Mathematics Assessment Items and Their Reading Difficulty

Lamb, John H., Reading Grade Levels and Mathematics Assessment: An Analysis of Texas Mathematics Assessment Items and Their Reading Difficulty,http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:Uq8e6n2bt3QJ:scholar.google.com/+lexile+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,34&as_ylo=2009

An Analysis of the Effects of Flexible Grouping on First Grade Reading Levels In the Delavan-Darien School District

Slowiak, Amy, An Analysis of the Effects of Flexible Grouping on First Grade Reading Levels In the Delavan-Darien School District, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:PO1RZeaKkKAJ:scholar.google.com/+lexile+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,34&as_ylo=2009

Characteristics of container labeling in a sample of commonly prescribed children's oral medications

Wallace, Lorraine S., Keenum, Amy J., DeVoe, Jennifer E. (2009). Characteristics of container labeling in a sample of commonly prescribed children's oral medications. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.

Assessment of Children’s Public Health Insurance Program Enrollment Applications: A Health Literacy Perspective

Wallace, Lorraine S., DeVoe, Jennifer E., Hansen, Julie S. (2011). Journal of Pediatric Health Care.

Does a Summer Reading Program Based on Lexiles Affect Reading Comprehension?

Wilkins, C., Gersten, R., Decker, L., Grunden, L., Brasiel, S., Brunnert, K., Jayanthi, M. (2012). National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance.

An Evaluation of Middle School Literacy Coaching in a Central Florida District

Dorman, Brian C. (2009). An Evaluation of Middle School Literacy Coaching in a Central Florida District. Educational Resources Information Center.

Accommodating remedial readers in the general education setting: Is listening-while-reading sufficient to improve factual and inferential comprehension?

Schmitt, A., Hale, A., McCallum, E., Mauck, B. (2010). Accommodating remedial readers in the general education setting: Is listening-while-reading sufficient to improve factual and inferential comprehension? Psychology in the Schools.

REL Technical Brief: How prepared are subgroups of Texas students for college- level reading: applying a Lexile®-based approach

Wilkins, C., Rolfhus, E., Hartman, J., Brasiel, S., Brite, J., and Howland, N., (2012). How prepared are subgroups of Texas public high school students for college-l evel reading: applying a Lexile®-based approach. (REL Technical Brief, REL 2012–No. 018). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Edu-cation, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs.

Bending the Text Complexity Curve to Close the Gap

Sanford-Moore, E., Williamson, G. L.

The Text Complexity Continuum in Grades 1-12

Williamson, G.L., Koons, H., Sandvik, T., Sanford-Moore, E.

The Lexile® Framework for Reading Quantifies the Reading Ability Needed for “College & Career Readiness”

Stenner, A. J., Sanford-Moore, E., Williamson, G.L.

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